In Croatia the highest frequency is observed in Dalmatia, peaking in cities of Dubrovnik (53%) and Zadar (60%), as well southern islands of Vis (44.6%), Brač and Korčula (~55%), and Hvar (65%). From the I2 subclade, the most prevailing is I2a1a (I-P37.2) i.e. It is divided in two major subdivisions - subclade I2 (37.7%), typical for the populations of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, and I1 (5.8%), typical for the populations of Scandinavia. Haplogroup I among Croats from Croatia is around 43.5%, while in Šokci, a subgroup of Croats from eastern Croatia, is between 44% and 50% of the same haplogroup. The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral "Dnieper-Carpathian" (DYS448=20) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. According to most recent and extensive studies published between 20, a majority (75%) of male Croats from Croatia belongs to haplogroups I (38%-43%), R1a (22%-25%) and R1b (8%-9%), while a minority (25%) mostly belongs to haplogroups E (10%), J (7%-10%), G (2%-4%), H (0.3-1.8%), and N (<1%). Genetically, on the paternal Y chromosome line and studies published between 20, a majority (>85%) of male Croats from Croatia belongs to one of the three major European Y-DNA haplogroups - I (38% -44% ), R1a (27% -34% ) and R1b (12.4% -15% ), while a minority (>15%) mostly belongs to haplogroup E (9% ), and others to haplgroups J (4.4% ), N (2% ), and G (1% ). In the 2018 study, 10 out of 17 samples from Croatia had a successful Y-DNA sequencing two Croatia Cardial Neolithic (6005-5786 BCE) samples from Zemunica Cave belonged to C1a2 and E1b1b1a1b1, Early-Neolithic Starčevo (5837-5659 BCE) from Beli Manastir-Popova zemlja to C, Early-Neolithic Croatia Impressa (5641-5560 BCE) from Kargadur to G2a2a1, two Middle-Neolithic Sopot (5207-4546 BCE) samples from Osijek to G2a2a1 and J2a1, Late-Neolithic Sopot (4790-4558 BCE) from Beli Manastir-Popova zemlja to I, two Vučedol (2884-2582 BCE) samples from Beli Manastir-Popova zemlja and Vucedol Tell to R1b1a1a2a2 and G2a2a1a2a, and the Early-Middle Bronze Age (1631-1521 BCE) sample from Veliki Vanik belonged to J2b2a. In the 2014 study, of the three successfully generated SNP profiles of Neolithic Starčevo culture samples from Vinkovci, two belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup G2a-P15 and one to I2a1-P37.2, which could indicate G2a as potential representatives of the spread of farming from the Near East to Europe, while I2a as Mesolithic substratum in Europe. An additional significant migration happened from Bosnia and Herzegovina, an expansion which was influenced by the Ottoman Empire's conquest since the 15th century, as well by Croatian immigration prior and post World Wars I and II and Croatian War of Independence. They gradually mixed and were assimilated by the Romans, Celts, Avars, and finally Slavs since the 6th century. In the Bronze Age happened symbiosis between Proto-Indo-Europeans of Kurgan culture and autochthonous populations, leading to the formation among others also of Proto- Illyrians. In the Neolithic period in Southeast Europe were founded major cultures like Vinča, Varna, Starčevo. There are many Paleolithic period sites located in the territory of Croatia, mostly ascribed to the Mousterian phase in the Middle Paleolithic period. The data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats mostly are descendants of the Slavs from medieval migration period, according to mtDNA have genetic diversity which fits within a broader European maternal genetic landscape, and overall have a uniformity with other South Slavs from the territory of former Yugoslavia. Particularly useful information is provided by the research of two uniparental markers within our genome, the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as autosomal DNA. Population genetics is a scientific discipline which contributes to the examination of the human evolutionary and historical migrations.
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